Academic advice 1: Punctuation - Calvary University

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Punctuation

Brief Overview of Punctuation:

Semicolon,
Colon,
Parenthesis,
Dash,
Quotation Marks
Italics, and
The Apostrophe

Punctuation marks are signals to your readers. In speaking, we can pause, stop, or change our tone of voice. In writing, we use the following marks of punctuation to emphasize and clarify what we mean.

Semicolon ;

In addition to using a semicolon to join related independent clauses in compound sentences, you can use a semicolon to separate items in a series if the elements of the series already include commas.

For example: Members of the band include Harold Rostein, clarinetist; Tony Aluppo, tuba player; and Lee Jefferson, trumpeter.

Colon :

Use a colon:

in the following situations:	for example:
after a complete statement in order to introduce one or more directly related ideas, such as a series of directions, a list, or a quotation or other comment illustrating or explaining the statement.	The daily newspaper contains four sections: news, sports, entertainment, and classified ads.The strategies of corporatist industrial unionism have proven ineffective: compromises and concessions have left labor in a weakened position in the new "flexible" economy.
in a business letter greeting.	Dear Ms. Winstead:
between the hour and minutes in time notation.	5:30 p.m.
between chapter and verse in biblical eferences.	Genesis 1:18

Parentheses ()

Parentheses are occasionally and sparingly used for extra, nonessential material included in a sentence. For example, dates, sources, or ideas that are subordinate or tangential to the rest of the sentence are set apart in parentheses. Parentheses always appear in pairs.

For example: Before arriving at the station, the old train (someone said it was a relic of frontier days) caught fire.

Dash —

Use a dash (represented on a typewriter, a computer with no dashes in the type font, or in a handwritten document by a pair of hyphens with no spaces):

in the following situations:	for example:
to emphasize a point or to set off an explanatory comment; but don't overuse dashes, or they will lose their impact.	To some of you, my proposals may seem radical — even revolutionary. In terms of public legitimation — that is, in terms of garnering support from state legislators, parents, donors, and university administrators — English departments are primarily places where advanced literacy is taught.
for an appositive phrase that already includes commas.	The boys — Jim, John, and Jeff — left the party early.

As you can see, dashes function in some ways like parentheses (used in pairs to set off a comment within a larger sentence) and in some ways like colons (used to introduce material illustrating or emphasizing the immediately preceding statement). But comments set off with a pair of dashes appear less subordinate to the main sentence than do comments in parentheses. And material introduced after a single dash may be more emphatic and may serve a greater variety of rhetorical purposes than material introduced with a colon.

Quotation Marks “ ”

Use quotation marks:

in the following situations:	for example:
to enclose direct quotations. Note that commas and periods go inside the closing quotation mark in conventional American usage; colons and semicolons go outside; and placement of question and exclamation marks depends on the situation.	He asked, "Will you be there?" "Yes," I answered, "I'll look for you in the foyer."
to indicate words used ironically, with reservations, or in some unusual way; but don't overuse quotation marks in this sense or they will lose their impact.	History is stained with blood spilled in the name of "civilization."

Underlining and Italics

Underlining and italics are not really punctuation, but they are significant textual effects used conventionally in a variety of situations. Before computerized word-processing was widely available, writers would underline certain terms in handwritten or manually typed pages, and the underlining would be replaced by italics in the published version.

Since word processing today allows many options for font faces and textual effects, it is generally recommended that you choose either underlining or italics and use it consistently throughout a given document as needed. Because academic papers are manuscripts and not final publications and because italics are not always easily recognized with some fonts, many instructors prefer underlining over italics for course papers. Whichever you choose, italics or underlining should be used ...

... in the following situations:	for example:
to indicate titles of complete or major works such as magazines, books, newspapers, academic journals, films, television programs, long poems, plays of three or more acts	Faulkner's last novel was The Reivers. The Simpsons offers hilarious parodies of American culture and family life.
foreign words that are not commonly used in English	Wearing blue jeans is de rigueur for most college students.
words used as words themselves	The English word nuance comes from a Middle French word meaning "shades of color."
words or phrases that you wish to emphasize	The very founding principles of our nation are at stake!

The Apostrophe

The apostrophe has three uses:

to form possessives of nounsb
to show the omission of letters
to indicate plurals of letters, numbers and symbols. But do NOT use apostrophes for possessive pronouns or for noun plurals.

1. To show possession:

To see if you have a possessive, turn the phrase around and make it an "of the . . ." phrase:

the boy's hat = the hat of the boy

three days' journey = journey of three days

To place the apostrophe correctly to show possession:

• add 's to the singular form of the word (even if it ends in -s):

the owner's car

James's hat

• add 's to the plural forms that do not end in -s:

the children's game

the geese's honking

• add ' to the end of plural nouns that end in -s:

houses' roofs

three friends' letters

• add 's to the end of compound words:

my brother-in-law's money

• add 's to the last noun to show joint possession of an object:

Todd and Anne's apartment.

CAUTION: If the noun after "of" is a building, an object, or a piece of furniture, then no apostrophe is needed!

room of the hotel = hotel room

door of the car = car door

leg of the table = table leg

2. To show omission of letters:

In contractions one or more letters (or numbers) have been omitted, and the apostrophe shows this omission. Contractions are common in speaking and in informal writing:

don't = do not

I'm = I am

he'll = he will

who's = who is

'60 = 1960

3. To form plurals of letters, numbers, and symbols:

two A's = two letters that happen to both be A	Example: Nita got A's in her biology quizzes.
six 5's = six numbers that are each 5	Example: There are six 5's on my license plate.
many &'s = many symbols that look like &	Example: That page has too many &'s on it.

Don't use apostrophes for possessive pronouns or for noun plurals.

His, her, its, my, yours, ours are possessive pronouns:

wrong: his' book	correct: his book
wrong: The group made it's decision.	correct: The group made its decision.

( It's raining out = it is raining out. It's is a contraction for "it is.")

wrong: a friend of yours' correct: a friend of yours

wrong: She waited for three hours' to get her ticket. correct: She waited for three hours to get her ticket.

Proofreading strategies to try:

A good time to proofread is when you have finished writing the paper. Try the following strategies:

If you tend to leave out apostrophes, check every word that ends in -s or -es to see if it needs an apostrophe.
If you put in too many apostrophes, check every apostrophe to see if you can justify it with a rule for using apostrophes.

Adapted from: Online Writing Lab by
the Purdue University Writing Lab,
School of Liberal Arts: http://owl.english.purdue.edu.