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Calvary University
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Theories of Counseling
and Psychotherapy
... research resources for counselling students
Web Destinations
There are more than 400 theories of counseling and psychotherapy. The websites listed here are those that have the broadest coverage or are among the best devoted to a particular influential theory. Because the professional organizations and useful web resources overlap so much in this topic, rather than include professional resources and organizations in a separate section, they are grouped together here in alphabetical order, under the name of the theory with which they are associated.
Adler, Jung, Neo-Freudians, and Ego Theorists
Adler Institute of
San Francisco & Northwestern Washington
mso-ansi-language:EN'>The institution is based in classical Adlerian
psychology. This site offers readings in theory and practice, biographies, and
interviews, as well as on-site and distance training. There are also a variety
of Adlerian discussion forums.
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/hstein/homepage.htm
C. G. Jung Page There are several sites for information about C. G. Jung and analytical
psychology. This site is unique in that it contains a full compendium of
abstracts, including dissertations on Jungian thought, films, a glossary,
Jungian training institutes, seminars, and organizations. In addition, there
are links to the best Jungian sites and even out-of-print books reprinted in
their entirety.
http://www.cgjungpage.org/
Karen Horney
mso-ansi-language:EN'>Karen Horney was more than a
neo-Freudian. This small site introduces the visitor to her life and thought.
This site also links to the American Journal of Psychoanalysis, where
you may search and review abstracts of current and archived articles.
http://www.karenhorneycenter.org
Behavior Therapy
The Association for
Advancement of Behavior Therapy
In their own words,
"The Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy (AABT) is a
professional, interdisciplinary organization which is concerned with the
applications of behavioral and cognitive sciences to understanding human
behavior, developing interventions to enhance the human condition, and promoting
the appropriate utilization of these interventions" (AABT2003). This site
hosts information about behavior therapy and cognitive behavior therapy, as
well as continuing-education seminars and conventions, and publishes abstracts
of Behavior Therapy, the Behavior Therapist, and Cognitive and
Behavioral Practice. There are also resources for researchers, which give
additional links for assessment tools, training resources, and funding
resources.
http://www.aabt.org
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Albert Ellis
Institute Formerly known as the Institute for
Rational-Emotive Therapy, the Albert Ellis Institute focuses its attention on
rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT). The site contains facts about the
institute, its services, and question and answers regarding REBT. On-line
questions may be submitted to Dr. Ellis. He will choose one question per month
and post his answer.
http://www.rebt.org
Beck Institute for Cognitive
Therapy and Research
Aaron T. Beck is the
founder of cognitive therapy. Much of the site centers on his thinking and
activities. It includes information about certification at the Academy of Cognitive Therapy, training
opportunities, a newsletter, and a list of publications in cognitive therapy.
http://www.beckinstitute.org
International Association
for Cognitive Therapy (IACT)
The IACT holds conferences
around the world and has an international membership of those interested in
promoting cognitive therapy. The association publishes a newsletter and a
journal, The Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly.
http://iacp.asu.edu
National Association of
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists
This organization is
dedicated to the teaching and practice of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy.
The primary emphasis is on rational-emotive therapy. There is a referral
database, news, and networking opportunities. The organization holds an annual
convention and grants about ten specialty certificates.
http://www.nacbt.org/
Eastern Theory
To Do Institute This is a commercial site for an organization that does training in Eastern
approaches to psychotherapy. Its library and descriptions of Morita and Naikan therapy make it useful to those unfamiliar with
Japanese influenced therapy.
http://www.todoinstitute.org
Eclecticism and Integration
The Society for the
Exploration of Psychotherapy Integration (SEPI)
describes itself as "an interdisciplinary organization of professionals
interested in approaches to psychotherapy that are not limited by a single
orientation." The society publishes The Journal of Psychotherapy
Integration and holds an annual conference. It is the leading organization,
representing an eclectic or integrative perspective on theory and practice. Of
special interest is a 12-page discussion of key influential books and articles
in eclectic or integrative psychotherapy.
http://www.cyberpsych.org/sepi
Family Therapy Theories
Brief Family Therapy
Center (BFTC) BFTC is the home base of Steve de Shazer and Isoo Kim Berg, the
foremost proponents of solution-focused therapy. The website provides training
opportunities and upcoming seminar information by the staff.
http://www.brief-therapy.org
Family Therapy This site gives a history and timeline of family therapy. It provides links
to associations and therapy as well as links to associations and journals in
the field of marriage and family therapy.
http://www.abacon.com/famtherapy/links.html
Virginia Satir-Avanta Network The site is devoted to the late Virginia Satir. Visitors can join the Avanta network to interact with like-minded individuals. There is a section on history, resources, and training events by Satir-oriented practitioners.
http://www.avanta.net
Humanistic/Existential
Association for
Humanistic Psychology (AHP)
AHP is an organization
that incorporates ideas from the full spectrum of humanistic psychology,
including personal growth, transcendence, and world peace. They publish The
Journal of Humanistic Psychology and hold an annual conference. Their
website contains an excellent bibliography of humanistic writings.
http://ahpweb.org
Experiential Therapy This site is devoted to education and general information about experiential
psychology as developed by Dr. Alvin Mahrer. Contains a four-step program for practitioners and excerpts from The
Complete Guide to Experiential Psychology.
http://www.cam.org/~howardg/mahrer02.html
Existentialism: A Primer Visitors will find an overview of existential philosophy, including pertinent
references and a bibliography. The biography section includes commentary,
chronology, works, and quotes on philosophers including Keirkegaard,
Sartre, and Kafka. The site focuses not so much on existential therapy as on
its philosophical underpinnings. No original works are contained here. It is,
as advertised, a primer.
http://www.tameri.com/csw/exist/exist.html
International Network on
Personal Meaning font-family:
Verdana;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN'>The site contains articles on
meaning-oriented counseling, including those based on Victor Frankl's logotherapy. The annual
conference program reveals that the organization is much broader and includes
individuals who are interested in experiential forms of therapy, spirituality,
and a more eclectic approach. At the home page, one can gain information about
membership in the network; review a gallery of "meaningful lives,"
for example, Martin Luther King; and network with researchers, therapists and
others on discussion forums.
http://www.meaning.ca
Society for Existential
Analysis Founded in 1988, the society is composed of
over 300 members ranging from counselors to philosophers. The site is intended
to encourage an exchange of ideas among practitioners and contains links to
other related sites.
http://www.existentialanalysis.co.uk/
Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy A dynamic referenced work, where an expert in
the field maintains each referenced entry. For example, one can read about
Aristotle's psychology or existentialism.
http://plato.stanford.edu/contents.html
Viktor Frankl Institute
The Viktor Frankl Institute is dedicated to the scientific study of logotherapy and existential analysis. The site includes
information about the Journal of Logotherapy and
Existential Analysis, biographies, a media archive, and information about
the summer lecture series at the University
of Vienna.
http://logotherapy.univie.ac.at
Narrative Therapy and Social Constructivism
Dulwich
Centre The Dulwich Centre in South Australia hosts training by Michael
White, one of narrative therapy's originators. There is a listing of his
upcoming workshops and trainings in and out of
http://www.dulwichcentre.com.au
Narrative Psychology and
Therapy This site concerns the narrative viewpoint in
psychology as allied with cultural psychology. The site gives an overview of
narrative therapy, a historical perspective, and the theoretical perspective
and foundation of the theory, as well as information on conferences and
professional meetings. Also located at the site are extensive materials of key
figures and theorists.
http://www.NarrativePsychology.com
Narrative Therapy Links This site links to information and writings in narrative therapy. The site
also links to other narrative sites, as well as a bookstore with a variety of
writings in narrative therapy.
http://www.narrativeapproaches.com/
Postmodern Therapies
(PMTH) PMTH stands for "postmodern
therapies". It is a list intended primarily for therapists, graduate
students, and scholars with a special interest in postmodernism. Through this
site, you can link to a newsletter. Many of the articles and conversations are
highly philosophical.
http://www.california.com/~rathbone/pmth.htm
Person Centered Therapy
Association for the
Development of the Person Centered Approach This
is an international interdisciplinary organization of professionals interested
in human relations and interpersonal development. The site defines the
person-centered approach as developed by Carl Rogers, provides information on
events, and publishes the quarterly newsletter Renaissance, as well as The
Person-centered Journal.
http://www.adpca.org
Center for the Studies of
the Person Carl Rogers started this organization. Some
of his associates are now consultants and trainers. It is possible to do
supervision and training over the Internet or get information about attending
programs in La Jolla, California. One can also read contemporary
papers on the person-centered approach and order videotapes of Carl Rogers.
http://www.centerfortheperson.org
Client-Centered Therapy_Index of Papers by Mathew Ryan This site contains full text of some classical papers pertaining to the
person-centered approach to therapy.
http://world.std.com/~mbr2/cct.papers.html
Psychoanalysis
American
Psychoanalytic Association (ApsaA) The ApsaA site includes press releases from the association and
information about the organizational structure. There is a virtual bookstore
for psychoanalysts and an on-line bibliography of journal articles, books, and
book reviews. The site contains abstracts from the Journal of the American
Psychoanalytic Association and full text articles from The American
Psychoanalyst, a quarterly newsletter. One of the most useful aspects of
the site is an online compilation of 30,000 psychoanalytic references. You can
search by keyword or author and pull out a bibliography.
http://apsa.org
Freud developed most of his theories at his home, 19 Bergasse in Vienna,
where the museum is housed. He left in 1938 during the Nazi occupation and took
his couch to London.
The museum website allows you to listen to the only recording of Freud's voice
and view film clips, interact with a map of Vienna showing Freud's favorite places, and
examine the chronology of his life.
http://www.freud-museum.at/
New York Psychoanalytic
Institute and Society
This site offers
exploration of resources in psychoanalysis. They produce the Journal of
Clinical Psychoanalysis and Neuro-psychoanalysis. The
site has incorporated information about the Brill Library, which is a central
source for information on historical and modern psychodynamic thought. There
are a number of links to other psychoanalytic societies.
http://www.psychoanalysis.org/
Reality Therapy
William Glasser Institute Glasser was the founder of reality therapy and the
William Glasser Institute. He continues to write on
control theory, which forms the basis of the therapeutic approach, and on the Quality School (control theory in the educational
arena). The site contains several articles by Glasser
and gives appearance dates for Glasser's talks around
the world. The institute publishes the International Journal of Reality
Therapy.
http://www.wglasser.com
Transactional Analysis
The International Transactional Analysis Association (ITAA) Founded by Eric Berne, creator of transactional analysis. The ITAA helps advance the theory, methods, and principles of TA. Visitors
can obtain membership information, upcoming conference information, and a
listing of available professional literature, including abstracts from the Transactional
Analysis Journal.
http://www.itaa-net.org
Annotated Bibliography
Foundational Works
Ansbacher, H. L., & Ansbacher, R. (1956). The individual psychology of Alfred Adler. New York: Basic Books.
These are the original writings of Alfred Adler edited by his disciples. The selections systematically help the reader grasp the progress, depth, and breadth of Adler's life work.
Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1980). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press.
Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy approach to depression involves understanding cognitive errors made by depressed individuals. The method of treatment for depression, as Beck originally conceived of it, is a type of Socratic questioning. This book has influenced many clinicians to try Beck's methods, and it spurred the development of cognitive therapy in the treatment of depression.
Berne, E. (1978). What do you say after you say hello?: The psychology of human destiny. New York: Grove Press.
Although transactional analysis (TA), Berne's creation, has suffered from a lack of popularity in recent years, this book is still important background reading for all therapists. Berne outlines the principles of TA and emphasizes the role of scripts. Scripts are the agents of human destiny that are born in childhood and are transmitted by parents and crystallized by an individual's key decisions about the world.
de Shazer, S. (1988). Clues: Investigating solutions in brief therapy. New York: Norton.
A landmark book in brief therapy since it focuses on what the therapist and client can do to discover "what works." In this book, de Shazer defines the basics of a solution-focused approach to brief therapy, including the use of the "miracle question" and the identification of "exceptions."
Freud, S. (1953). Standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud. London: Hogarth Press.
These texts were translated from German under the editorship of James Strachey, in collaboration with Anna Freud. For beginners, the Interpretation of Dreams (1900) gives insight into the theory and practice of psychoanalytic dream interpretation and into the logical nature of Freud's thinking.
Fromm, E. (1988). The art of listening. New York: Continuum Publishing
Group. Eric Fromm's focus in this book is on furthering the understanding of existential psychotherapy as he homes in on the relationship between therapist and patient. Fromm believed that patients achieve mental health by integrating rational and irrational aspects of their personality. The therapeutic relationship is the medium for this process. The art of listening is a central tool in helping clients achieve freedom from neurosis.
Jung, C. G. (1966). Two essays on analytic psychology (2nd ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
In these essays Jung presents a concise version of his teachings, including his idea that libido is more than sex, and the importance of the collective unconscious. The essays are particularly interesting because he draws distinctions between himself, Adler, and Freud. Compared to Freud, Jung reveals his reliance on a holistic look at psychology and the use of his "prospective" and intuitive faculties, which sharply contrasts with Freud's mechanistic and scientific approach.
Perls, F., Hefferline, R. F., & Goodman, P. (1984). Gestalt therapy: Excitement and growth in the human personality. London: Souven.
Perls was not known for his clear theorizing on the gestalt therapy, but in this work Perls and his co-authors separated gestalt from other approaches by emphasizing the importance of the somatic presentation of internal conflict. Perls describes his concept of "retroflection," or the repression of behavior and the turning of aggression toward the self. This concept continued to play a major part in his ideas about psychopathology and therapy that involved reversing the process through awareness.
Reynolds, D. K. (1985). The quiet therapies: Japanese pathways to personal growth. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.
Reynolds's small book is the first in-depth description of non-Western therapies including Naikan, Morita, Shedan, Seiza, and Zen approaches.
Rogers, C. R. (1965). Client-centered therapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Rogers' manifesto was based on his research as well as his clinical experience. Although Rogers had published Counseling and Psychotherapy in 1942, Client-centered Therapy became the outline of his humanistic theory of counseling that grew into a personal growth movement and eventually became person-centered therapy.
Skinner, B. F. (1967). Science and human behavior. New York: Free Press.
This is Skinner's best statement of his argument for a scientific psychology based on observable behavior. In the 1950s and 1960s "science" had become a synonym for progress and a shining light leading us away from religion and superstition. Skinner played to this theme by proposing that all human behavior is learned and that animal behavior provides a basis for understanding more complex human behaviors, including language. Skinner used his persuasive writing and clear thinking to convince psychologists and the lay public of the need for a behavioral revolution that could predict and control human behavior.
Sullivan, H. S. (1961). Conceptions of modern psychiatry. New York: Norton.
In this volume, Sullivan shows the basis of his neo-Freudian or "culturalist" theory. He places himself in the same camp with Horney and Fromm by highlighting the importance of culture and social factors in the development of psychopathology and adjustment. He defines key terms in his approach, including the "participant observer" role of the therapist, the concept of "reflected appraisals" in the development of the self, an individual's need for security, and the importance of the mother/child relationship.
Key Current Works
Hoyt, M. F. (1994). Constructive therapies. New York: Guilford.
This is the first of two volumes. Constructive therapies are those that see clients not from a pathological standpoint, but as creating their own realities. These realities must be understood and utilized as the basis for change. In the first book Hoyt has assembled well-known writers in making a case for solution-focused, brief, time-limited, and single-session therapies. In Volume 2, he addresses more specific problems, including ADHA and domestic violence, but also introduces some other approaches, including narrative therapy.
Sweeney, T. J. (1998). Adlerian counseling: a practitioner's approach. New York: Taylor & Francis.
This is the fourth edition of Sweeney's overview of Adlerian theory and therapy. It gives practical suggestions and methods, including detailed instructions for assessing life-style and early recollections. This work is included here because it is oriented to counselors and is applicable to school counselors as well. Sweeney writes about the use of natural and logical consequences and other parenting principles that can help those working with children.
Wachtel, P. L., & Messer, S. B. (Eds.). (1997). Theories of psychotherapy: Origins and evolution. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Reflections by major contributors to psychotherapy theory on the beginnings and development of the field. This is not a textbook but more of an overview of the field. Wachtel and Messer, pioneering integrationists, bring their broad perspective to understanding the current state of theorizing.
White, M., & Epston, D. (1990). Narrative means to therapeutic ends. New York: Norton.
White and Epston's book has had a major impact on therapists, counselors, and theoreticians in counseling and psychotherapy for the past decade. Michael White, the key theorist, became interested in the stories that clients tell and has developed methods to help clients "reauthor" their stories into more constructive ones. One of White's most famous techniques is the use of "externalizing the problem," in which the problem is personified or shifted to another person or character. While narrative therapy has its basis in constructivist philosophy, including the work of Bateson and Milton Erickson, many believe it to be one of the few truly original theories of recent years.
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